HPAS Prelims Books -Paper I HPAS Prelims Books -Paper II
- Social Loafing refers to the concept that people are prone to exert less effort on a task if they are in a group versus when they work alone. The idea of working in groups is typically seen as a way to improve the accomplishment of a task by pooling the skills and talents of the individuals in that group. But, in some groups, there is a tendency on the part of participants to contribute less to the group's goal than if they were doing the same task themselves.
- False Consensus Effect is a type of bias in which we think that our own opinions, attitudes, beliefs, etc. are common and appropriate, so that others must also feel the same way. When we have a particular belief, we tend to estimate that belief to be more prevalent than it is by individuals that have an alternative belief.
- Social Influence occurs when one's emotions, opinions, or behaviours are affected by others. In 1958, Herbert Kelman identified three broad varieties of social influence – Compliance, Identification, Internalization.
- Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours to group norms. Norms are implicit, unsaid rules, shared by a group of individuals that guide their interactions with others. Conformity can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone. For example, people tend to follow social norms when eating or watching television, even when alone.
- Socialization is a term used to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, values and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained".
- Internalisation means an individual's acceptance of a set of norms and values through socialisation. John Finley Scott described internalisation as a metaphor in which something moves from outside the mind or personality to a place inside of it. The structure and the happenings of society shape one's inner self and it can also be reversed.
- Externalization is an unconscious defence mechanism by which an individual projects his or her own internal characteristics onto the outside world, particularly onto other people.
- The Persuasion Knowledge Model was created by Friestad and Wright in 1994. This framework allows the researchers to analyze the process of gaining and using everyday persuasion knowledge.
- Terror Management Theory proposes a basic psychological conflict that results from having a desire to live, but realizing that death is inevitable. This conflict produces terror, and is believed to be unique to human beings.
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